Effective cyber defense needs not only training, but validation of that training and an analysis of gaps to customize future training. Cyber exercises are critical at all levels through introductory exposure capture the flags (CTF) to advanced incident response multiple day simulations. CTFs provide opportunities to develop interest in and an understanding of cybersecurity through gamification. Industry and government can also test their readiness through advanced exercises that simulate real world events in Tabletop Exercises (TTX) and live action incident response red on blue exercises.